Ekonomi alanındaki başlıklar Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) denilen bir makale sınıflandırma sistemiyle sınıflandırılırlar. On dokuz ana kategori bulunmaktadır ve her biri alt kategorilerine ayrılmıştır. Başlıca kodlar şunlardır: JEL: A - Genel ekonomi and Çalışmalar JEL: B - İktisadi Düşünce Okulları ve Metodoloji JEL: C - Matematiksel ve kantitatif metotlar JEL: D - Mikroekonomi JEL: E - Makroekonomi ve Monetarizm JEL: F - Uluslararası ekonomi JEL: G - Finansal ekonomi JEL: H - Kamu ekonomisi JEL: I - Sağlık, Eğitim, and Refah ekonomisi JEL: J - Çalışma JEL: K - Hukuk ve ekonomi JEL: L - Endüstriyel organizasyon JEL: M - İşletme Yönetimi and İşletme Ekonomisi; Pazarlama; Muhasebe JEL: N - Ekonomi tarihi JEL: O - İktisadi Kalkınma, Teknolojik Değişim ve Büyüme JEL: P - Ekonomik sistemler JEL: Q - Tarım Ekonomisi, Doğal Kaynak Ekonomisi, Çevresel Ekonomi ve Ekolojik Ekonomi JEL: R - Kent, Kırsal, ve Bölgesel JEL: Y - Çeşitli kategoriler JEL: Z - Diğer özel başlıklar Genel ekonomi ve çalışmalar JEL: A Alt kategoriler Kategori:Genel ekonomi JEL: A1 - Genel ekonomi JEL: A10 - Genel JEL: A11 - Ekonominin rolü, Ekonomistlerin rolü, Economistler için piyasa JEL: A12 - Ekonominin Diğer Disiplinlerle İlişkisi JEL: A13 - Sosyal değerlerle ekonominin ilişkisi JEL: A14 - Sociology of Economics JEL: A19 - Diğer JEL: A2 - Economics Education and Teaching of Economics JEL: A20 - Genel JEL: A21 - Pre-college JEL: A22 - Undergraduate JEL: A23 - Graduate JEL: A29 - Diğer JEL: A3 - Multisubject Collective Works JEL: A30 - Genel JEL: A31 - Multisubject Collected Writings of Individuals JEL: A32 - Multisubject Volumes JEL: A39 - Diğer Ekonomik düşünce okulları ve metodoloji JEL: B Alt kategoriler Kategori:Schools of economic thought and methodology JEL: B0 - Genel JEL: B00 - Genel JEL: B1 - Ekonomik düşünce tarihi through 1925 JEL: B10 - Genel JEL: B11 - Klasik öncesi JEL: B12 - Klasik JEL: B13 - Yeni Klasik düşünce 1925 JEL: B14 - Socialist; Marksist JEL: B15 - Historical; Institutional JEL: B16 - History of Economic Thought: Quantitative and Mathematical JEL: B19 - Diğer JEL: B2 - Ekonomik düşünce tarihi 1925'ten beri JEL: B20 - Genel JEL: B21 - Mikroekonomi JEL: B22 - Makroekonomi JEL: B23 - Ekonomik düşünce tarihi, Ekonometri, Kantitif & Matematiksel çalışmalar JEL: B24 - Sosyalizm; Marxist; Sraffian JEL: B25 - Historical; Institutional; Evolutionary; Austrian JEL: B29 - Diğer JEL: B3 - Düşünce tarihi: Kişiler JEL: B30 - Genel JEL: B31 - Kişiler JEL: B32 - Obituaries JEL: B4 - Ekonomik Metodloji JEL: B40 - Genel JEL: B41 - Ekonomik metodoloji JEL: B49 - Diğer JEL: B5 - Mevcut Heterodoks yaklaşımlar JEL: B50 - Genel JEL: B51 - Sosyalist, Marksist, Sraffian JEL: B52 - Kurumsal Ekonomi; Evrimci Ekonomi JEL: B53 - Avusturya JEL: B54 - Feminist Ekonomi JEL: B59 - Diğer Matematiksel ve Kantitatif metotlar JEL: C Alt kategoriler Kategori:Matematiksel ve kantitatif metotlar (ekonomi) JEL: C0 - Genel JEL: C00 - Genel JEL: C01 - Ekonometri JEL: C02 - Matematiksel metotlar JEL: C1 - Ekonometri ve İstatistiksel metotlar: Genel JEL: C10 - Genel JEL: C11 - Bayesian analiz JEL: C12 - Hipotez testleri JEL: C13 - Tahmin Teorisi JEL: C14 - Yarı parametrik and Nonparametrik metotlar JEL: C15 - İstatistiksel Simulasyon metotları JEL: C16 - İstatistiksel dağılımlar JEL: C16 - Özel dağılımlar JEL: C19 - Diğer JEL: C2 - Econometric methods: Single equation models;Single variables JEL: C20 - Genel JEL: C21 - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial models; Treatment effect models JEL: C22 - Time-Series Models JEL: C23 - Panel data JEL: C34 - Truncated and censored models JEL: C25 - Discrete regression; Qualitative choice models JEL: C29 - Diğer JEL: C3 - Econometric Methods: Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models JEL: C30 - Genel JEL: C31 - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment effect models JEL: C32 - Time-Series Models JEL: C33 - Models with Panel data JEL: C34 - Truncated and censored models JEL: C35 - Discrete regression and Qualitative choice models JEL: C39 - Diğer JEL: C4 - Ekonometrik ve istatistiksel metodlar: Özel başlıklar JEL: C40 - Genel JEL: C41 - Duration analysis JEL: C42 - Survey methods JEL: C43 - Index numbers Aggregation JEL: C44 - Statistical decision theory; Operations research JEL: C45 - Neural Networks and Related Topics JEL: C46 - Specific Distributions JEL: C49 - Diğer JEL: C5 - Ekonometrik Modelleme JEL: C50 - Genel JEL: C51 - Model belirleme ve tahmin JEL: C52 - Model evaluation and testing JEL: C53 - Forecasting and Diğer Model Uygulamaları JEL: C59 - Diğer JEL: C6 - Matematiksel Ekonomi ve Programlama JEL: C60 - Genel JEL: C61 - Optimizasyon teknikleri; Programlama modelleri; Dinamik analiz JEL: C62 - Existence and stability conditions of equilibrium JEL: C63 - Computational techniques JEL: C65 - Miscellaneous Mathematical Tools JEL: C67 - Input–output models JEL: C68 - Computable Genel Equilibrium models JEL: C69 - Diğer JEL: C7 - Game theory and Bargaining theory JEL: C70 - Genel JEL: C71 - Cooperative games JEL: C72 - Noncooperative games JEL: C73 - Stochastic and Dynamic games; Evolutionary games; Repeated Games JEL: C78 - Bargaining theory; Matching theory JEL: C79 - Diğer JEL: C8 - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs JEL: C80 - Genel JEL: C81 - Methodology for collecting, estimating, and organizing microeconomic data JEL: C82 - Methodology for collecting, estimating, and organizing macroeconomic data JEL: C87 - Econometric software JEL: C88 - Diğer Computer Software JEL: C89 - Diğer JEL: C9 - Deneysel Ekonomi JEL: C90 - Genel JEL: C91 - Laboratory, Individual Behavior JEL: C92 - Laboratory, Group Behavior JEL: C93 - Field experiments JEL: C99 - Diğer Mikroekonomi JEL: D Alt kategoriler JEL: D0 - Genel JEL: D00 - Genel JEL: D01 - Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles JEL: D02 - Institutions: Design, Formation, and Operations JEL: D1 - Hanehalkı Davranışları ve Ev Ekonomisi JEL: D10 - Genel JEL: D11 - Tüketici Teorisi JEL: D12 - Consumer economics: empirical analysis JEL: D13 - Household production and Intrahousehold allocation JEL: D14 - Personal finance JEL: D18 - Consumer protection JEL: D19 - Diğer JEL: D2 - Üretim ve Organizasyon JEL: D20 - Genel JEL: D21 - Firma davranışları JEL: D23 - Organizational behavior; Transaction Costs; Property rights JEL: D24 - Production; Capital and Total factor productivity; Capacity JEL: D29 - Diğer JEL: D3 - Distribution JEL: D30 - Genel JEL: D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions JEL: D33 - Factor Income Distribution JEL: D39 - Diğer JEL: D4 - Piyasa Yapısı ve Fiyatlama JEL: D40 - Genel JEL: D41 - Tam Rekabet JEL: D42 - Monopol JEL: D43 - Oligopol and Diğer Piyasa Başarısızlıkları JEL: D44 - Auctions JEL: D45 - Rationing; Licensing JEL: D46 - Value Theory JEL: D49 - Diğer JEL: D5 - Genel equilibrium and Disequilibrium JEL: D50 - Genel JEL: D51 - Exchange and Production Economies JEL: D52 - Incomplete Markets JEL: D57 - Input–Output Tables and Analysis JEL: D58 - Computable and Diğer Applied Genel Equilibrium Models JEL: D59 - Diğer JEL: D6 - Refah Ekonomisi JEL: D60 - Genel JEL: D61 - Allocative efficiency; Cost-benefit analysis JEL: D62 - Externalities JEL: D63 - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Diğer Normative Criteria and Measurement JEL: D64 - Altruism JEL: D69 - Diğer JEL: D7 - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making JEL: D70 - Genel JEL: D71 - Social choice; Clubs; Committees; Associations JEL: D72 - Economic Models of Political Processes: Rent-Seeking, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior JEL: D73 - Bureaucracy; Administrative Processes in Public Organizations; Corruption JEL: D74 - Conflict; Conflict Resolution; Alliances JEL: D78 - Positive Analysis of Policy-Making and Implementation JEL: D79 - Diğer JEL: D8 - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty JEL: D80 - Genel JEL D81 - Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty JEL: D82 - Asymmetric and Private Information JEL: D83 - Search; Learning; Information and Knowledge JEL: D84 - Expectations; Speculation JEL: D85 - Network Formation JEL: D86 - Economics of contract law JEL: D89 - Diğer JEL: D9 - Intertemporal choice and Growth JEL: D90 - Genel JEL: D91 - Intertemporal Consumer Choice; Life cycle models and Saving JEL: D92 - Intertemporal Firm Choice and Growth, Investment, or Financing JEL: D99 - Diğer Makroekonomicroeconomics and monetary economics JEL: E Subcategories JEL: E - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics Kategori:Macroeconomics and monetary economics JEL: E0 - Genel JEL: E00 - Genel JEL: E01 - Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth JEL: E02 - Institutions and the Macroeconomy JEL: E1 - Genel Aggregative Models JEL: E10 - Genel JEL: E11 - Marxian; Sraffian; Institutional; Evolutionary JEL: E12 - Keynes; Keynesian; Post-Keynesian JEL: E13 - Neoclassical JEL: E17 - Forecasting and Simulation JEL: E19 - Diğer JEL: E2 - Macroeconomics: Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment JEL: E20 - Genel JEL: E21 - Consumption; Saving; Wealth JEL: E22 - Capital; Investment (including Inventories); Capacity JEL: E23 - Production JEL: E24 - Employment; Unemployment; Wages; Intergenerational Income Distribution; Aggregate Human Capital JEL: E25 - Aggregate Factor Income Distribution JEL: E26 - Informal economy; Underground Economy JEL: E27 - Forecasting and Simulation JEL: E29 - Diğer JEL: E3 - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles JEL: E30 - Genel JEL: E31 - Price Level; Inflation; Deflation JEL: E32 - Business Fluctuations; Cycles JEL: E37 - Forecasting and Simulation JEL: E39 - Diğer JEL: E4 - Money and Interest Rates JEL: E40 - Genel JEL: E41 - Demand for Money JEL: E42 - Monetary Systems; Standards; Regimes; Government and the Monetary System; Payment Systems JEL: E43 - Determination of Interest Rates; Term Structure of Interest Rates JEL: E44 - Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy JEL: E47 - Forecasting and Simulation JEL: E49 - Diğer JEL: E5 - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit JEL: E50 - Genel JEL: E51 - Money Supply; Credit; Money multipliers JEL: E52 - Monetary Policy JEL: E58 - Central Banks and Their Policies JEL: E59 - Diğer JEL: E6 - Macroeconomic Policy Formation, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, Macroeconomic Policy, and Genel Outlook JEL: E60 - Genel JEL: E61 - Policy Objectives; Policy Designs and Consistency; Policy Coordination JEL: E62 - Fiscal Policy; Public Expenditures, Investment, and Finance; Taxation JEL: E63 - Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy; Stabilization JEL: E64 - Incomes policy; Price policy JEL: E65 - Studies of Particular Policy Episodes JEL: E66 - Genel Outlook and Conditions JEL: E69 - Diğer International economics JEL: F Subcategories JEL: F - International Economics Kategori:International economics JEL: F0 - Genel JEL: F00 - Genel JEL: F01 - Global Outlook JEL: F02 - International Economic Order; Noneconomic International Organizations •Economic Integration and Globalization: Genel JEL: F1 - Trade JEL: F10 - Genel JEL: F11 - Neoclassical Models of Trade JEL: F12 - Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies JEL: F13 - Commercial Policy; Protection; Promotion; Trade Negotiations; International Organizations JEL: F14 - Country and Industry Studies of Trade JEL: F15 - Economic Integration JEL: F16 - Trade and Labor Market Interactions JEL: F17 - Trade Forecasting and Simulation JEL: F18 - Trade and Environment JEL: F19 - Diğer JEL: F2 - International Factor Movements and International Business JEL: F20 - Genel JEL: F21 - International Investment; Long-Term Capital Movements JEL: F22 - International Migration JEL: F23 - Multinational Firms; International Business JEL: F29 - Diğer JEL: F3 - International Finance JEL: F30 - Genel JEL: F31 - Foreign Exchange JEL: F32 - Current Account Adjustment; Short-Term Capital Movements JEL: F33 - International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions JEL: F34 - International Lending and Debt Problems JEL: F35 - Foreign aid JEL: F36 - Financial Aspects of Economic Integration JEL: F37 - International Finance Forecasting and Simulation JEL: F39 - Diğer JEL: F4 - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance JEL: F40 - Genel JEL: F41 - Open economy macroeconomics JEL: F42 - International Policy Coordination and Transmission JEL: F43 - Economic Growth of Open Economies JEL: F47 - Forecasting and Simulation JEL: F49 - Diğer Financial economics JEL: G Subcategories JEL: G - Financial Economics Kategori:Financial economics JEL: G0 - Genel JEL: G00 - Genel JEL: G01 - Financial Crises JEL: G1 - Genel Financial Markets JEL: G10 - Genel JEL: G11 - Portfolio choice; Investment decisions JEL: G12 - Asset pricing; Trading volume; Bond interest rates JEL: G13 - Contingent pricing; Futures Pricing JEL: G14 - Information and Market Efficiency; Event Studies JEL: G15 - International financial markets JEL: G17 - Financial Forecasting JEL: G18 - Government Policy and Regulation JEL: G19 - Diğer JEL: G2 - Financial institutions and Services JEL: G20 - Genel JEL: G21 - Banks; Diğer Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages JEL: G22 - Insurance; Insurance companies JEL: G23 - Pension funds; Diğer Private Financial Institutions JEL: G24 - Investment banking; Venture capital; Brokerage; Ratings and Ratings Agencies JEL: G28 - Government Policy and Regulation JEL: G29 - Diğer JEL: G3 - Corporate finance and Governance JEL: G30 - Genel JEL: G31 - Capital budgeting; Fixed Investment and Inventory Studies JEL: G32 - Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership Structure JEL: G33 - Bankruptcy; Liquidation JEL: G34 - Mergers; Acquisitions; Restructuring; Corporate governance JEL: G35 - Payout Policy JEL: G38 - Government Policy and Regulation JEL: G39 - Diğer Public economics JEL: H Subcategories JEL: H - Public Economics Kategori
ublic economics JEL: H0 - Genel JEL: H00 - Genel JEL: H1 - Structure and Scope of Government JEL: H10 - Genel JEL: H11 - Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government JEL: H19 - Diğer JEL: H2 - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue JEL: H20 - Genel JEL: H21 - Efficiency; Optimal taxation JEL: H22 - Incidence JEL: H23 - Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental taxes and Subsidies JEL: H24 - Personal Income and Diğer Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies JEL: H25 - Business Taxes and Subsidies JEL: H26 - Tax Evasion JEL: H27 - Diğer Sources of Revenue JEL: H29 - Diğer JEL: H3 - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents JEL: H30 - Genel JEL: H31 - Household JEL: H32 - Firm JEL: H39 - Diğer JEL: H4 - Publicly provided goods JEL: H40 - Genel JEL: H41 - Public goods JEL: H42 - Publicly Provided Private Goods JEL: H43 - Project evaluation; Social discount rate JEL: H49 - Diğer JEL: H5 - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies JEL: H50 - Genel JEL: H51 - Government Expenditures and Health JEL: H52 - Government Expenditures and Education JEL: H53 - Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs JEL: H54 - Infrastructures; Diğer Public Investment and Capital Stock JEL: H55 - Social security and Public Pensions JEL: H56 - National Security and War JEL: H57 - Procurement JEL: H59 - Diğer JEL: H6 - National Budget, Deficit, and Debt JEL: H60 - Genel JEL: H61 - Budget; Budget Systems JEL: H62 - Deficit; Surplus JEL: H63 - Debt; Debt Management JEL: H69 - Diğer JEL: H7 - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations JEL: H70 - Genel JEL: H71 - State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue JEL: H72 - State and Local Budget and Expenditures JEL: H73 - Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects JEL: H74 - State and Local Borrowing JEL: H77 - Intergovernmental Relations; Federalism JEL: H79 - Diğer JEL: H8 - Miscellaneous Issues JEL: H80 - Genel JEL: H81 - Governmental Loans, Loan Guarantees, and Credits JEL: H82 - Governmental Property JEL: H83 - Public administration JEL: H87 - International Fiscal Issues; International Public Goods JEL: H89 - Diğer Health, education, and welfare JEL: I Subcategories JEL: I - Health, Education, and Welfare Kategori:Health, education, and welfare economics JEL: I0 - Genel JEL: I00 - Genel JEL: I1 - Health JEL: I10 - Genel JEL: I11 - Analysis of Health Care Markets JEL: I12 - Health Production: Nutrition, Mortality, Morbidity, Substance Abuse and Addiction, Disability, and Economic Behavior JEL: I18 - Government Policy; Regulation; Public health JEL: I19 - Diğer JEL: I2 - Education JEL: I20 - Genel JEL: I21 - Analysis of Education JEL: I22 - Educational finance JEL: I23 - Higher Education Research Institutions JEL: I28 - Government Policy JEL: I29 - Diğer JEL: I3 - Welfare and Poverty JEL: I30 - Genel JEL: I31 - Genel Welfare; Basic needs; Living standards; Quality of life; Happiness JEL: I32 - Measurement and Analysis of Poverty JEL: I38 - Government Policy; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs JEL: I39 - Diğer Labor and demographic economics JEL: J Subcategories JEL: J - Labor and Demographic Economics Kategori:Labor and demographic economics Kategori:Labor Kategori
emographic economics JEL: J0 - Genel JEL: J00 - Genel JEL: J1 - Demographic Economics JEL: J10 - Genel JEL: J11 - Demographic Trends and Forecasts JEL: J12 - Marriage; Marital Dissolution; Family Structure JEL: J13 - Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth JEL: J14 - Economics of the Elderly; Economics of the Handicapped JEL: J15 - Economics of Minorities and Races; Non-labor Discrimination JEL: J16 - Economics of gender; Non-labor Discrimination JEL: J17 - Value of life; Foregone Income JEL: J18 - Public Policy JEL: J19 - Diğer JEL: J2 - Time Allocation, Work Behavior, and Employment Determination and Creation; Human capital JEL: J20 - Genel JEL: J21 - Labor force and Employment, Size, and Structure JEL: J22 - Time allocation and Labor supply JEL: J23 - Employment Determination; Job creation; Demand for labor; Self-employment JEL: J24 - Human capital; Skills; Occupational choice; Labor productivity JEL: J26 - Retirement; Retirement policies JEL: J28 - Safety; Accidents; Industrial Health; Job Satisfaction; Related Public Policy JEL: J29 - Diğer JEL: J3 - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs JEL: J30 - Genel JEL: J31 - Wage Level and Structure; Wage differentials by Skill, Training, Occupation, etc. JEL: J32 - Nonwage labor costs and Benefits; Private pensions JEL: J33 - Compensation Packages; Payment Methods JEL: J38 - Public Policy JEL: J39 - Diğer JEL: J4 - Particular Labor Markets JEL: J40 - Genel JEL: J41 - Contracts: Specific Human Capital, Matching models, Efficiency wage Models, and Internal labor markets JEL: J42 - Monopsony; Segmented Labor Markets JEL: J43 - Agricultural Labor Markets JEL: J44 - Professional Labor Markets and Occupations JEL: J45 - Public Sector Labor Markets JEL: J48 - Public Policy JEL: J49 - Diğer JEL: J5 - Labor–Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining JEL: J50 - Genel JEL: J51 - Trade unions: Objectives, Structure, and Effects JEL: J52 - Dispute Resolution: Strikes, Arbitration, and Mediation; Collective bargaining JEL: J53 - Labor–management relations; Industrial Jurisprudence JEL: J54 - Producer cooperatives; Labor managed firms JEL: J58 - Public Policy JEL: J59 - Diğer JEL: J6 - Mobility, Unemployment, and Vacancies JEL: J60 - Genel JEL: J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility; Immigrant Workers JEL: J62 - Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational mobility JEL: J63 - Turnover; Vacancies; Layoffs JEL: J64 - Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search JEL: J65 - Unemployment insurance; Severance pay; Plant closings JEL: J68 - Public Policy JEL: J69 - Diğer JEL: J7 - Labor Discrimination JEL: J70 - Genel JEL: J71 - Discrimination JEL: J78 - Public Policy JEL: J79 - Diğer JEL: J8 - Labor Standards: National and International JEL: J80 - Genel JEL: J81 - Working conditions JEL: J82 - Labor Force Composition JEL: J83 - Workers' Rights JEL: J88 - Public Policy JEL: J89 - Diğer Law and economics JEL: K Subcategories JEL: K - Law and Economics Kategori:Law and economics JEL: K0 - Genel JEL: K00 - Genel JEL: K1 - Basic Areas of Law JEL: K10 - Genel JEL: K11 - Property Law JEL: K12 - Contract Law JEL: K13 - Tort Law and Product Liability JEL: K14 - Criminal Law JEL: K19 - Diğer JEL: K2 - Regulation and Business Law JEL: K20 - Genel JEL: K21 - Antitrust Law JEL: K22 - Corporation and Securities Law JEL: K23 - Regulated Industries and Administrative Law JEL: K29 - Diğer JEL: K3 - Diğer Substantive Areas of Law JEL: K30 - Genel JEL: K31 - Labor Law JEL: K32 - Environmental, Health, and Safety Law JEL: K33 - International Law JEL: K34 - Tax Law JEL: K35 - Personal Bankruptcy Law JEL: K39 - Diğer JEL: K4 - Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior JEL: K40 - Genel JEL: K41 - Litigation Process JEL: K42 - Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law JEL: K49 - Diğer Industrial organization JEL: L Subcategories Kategori:Industrial organization JEL: L - Industrial Organization JEL: L0 - Genel JEL: L00 - Genel JEL: L1 - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance JEL: L10 - Genel JEL: L11 - Production, Pricing, and Market Structure; Size Distribution of Firms JEL: L12 - Monopoly; Monopolization Strategies JEL: L13 - Oligopoly and Diğer Imperfect Markets JEL: L14 - Transactional Relationships; Contracts and Reputation; Networks JEL: L15 - Information and Product Quality; Standardization and Compatibility JEL: L16 - Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics; Macroeconomic Industrial Structure; Industrial Price Indices JEL: L19 - Diğer JEL: L2 - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior JEL: L20 - Genel JEL: L21 - Business Objectives of the Firm JEL: L22 - Firm Organization and Market Structure: Markets vs. Hierarchies; Vertical integration; Conglomerates JEL: L23 - Organization of Production JEL: L24 - Contracting out; Joint ventures JEL: L25 - Firm Performance: Size, Age, Profit, and Sales JEL: L29 - Diğer JEL: L3 - Kategori:Non-profit organizations and Kategoriublic enterprise JEL: L30 - Genel JEL: L31 - Nonprofit Institutions; NGOs JEL: L32 - Public enterprises JEL: L33 - Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises; Privatization; Contracting out JEL: L39 - Diğer JEL: L4 - Antitrust Issues and Policies JEL: L40 - Genel JEL: L41 - Monopolization; Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices JEL: L42 - Vertical Restraints; Resale Price Maintenance; Quantity Discounts JEL: L43 - Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation JEL: L44 - Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprise, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organizations JEL: L49 - Diğer JEL: L5 - Regulation and Kategori:Industrial policy JEL: L50 - Genel JEL: L51 - Economics of Regulation JEL: L52 - Industrial Policy; Sectoral Planning Methods JEL: L53 - Government Promotion of Firms JEL: L59 - Diğer JEL: L6 - Industry Studies: Manufacturing JEL: L60 - Genel JEL: L61 - Metals and Metal Products; Cement; Glass; Ceramics JEL: L62 - Automobiles; Diğer Transportation Equipment JEL: L63 - Microelectronics; Computers; Communications Equipment JEL: L64 - Diğer Machinery; Business Equipment; Armaments JEL: L65 - Chemicals; Rubber; Drugs; Biotechnology JEL: L66 - Food; Beverages; Cosmetics; Tobacco JEL: L67 - Diğer Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather JEL: L68 - Appliances; Diğer Consumer Durables JEL: L69 - Diğer JEL: L7 - Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction JEL: L70 - Genel JEL: L71 - Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels JEL: L72 - Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Diğer Nonrenewable Resources JEL: L73 - Forest Products: Lumber and Paper JEL: L74 - Construction JEL: L78 - Government Policy JEL: L79 - Diğer JEL: L8 - Industry Studies: Services JEL: L80 - Genel JEL: L81 - Retail and Wholesale Trade; Warehousing; e-Commerce JEL: L82 - Entertainment; Media (Performing Arts, Visual Arts, Broadcasting, Publishing, etc.) JEL: L83 - Sports; Gambling; Recreation; Tourism JEL: L84 - Personal, Professional, and Business Services JEL: L85 - Real Estate Services JEL: L86 - Information and Internet Services; Computer Software JEL: L87 - Postal and Delivery Services JEL: L88 - Government Policy JEL: L89 - Diğer JEL: L9 - Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities JEL: L90 - Genel JEL: L91 - Transportation: Genel JEL: L92 - Railroads and Diğer Surface Transportation: Autos, Buses, Trucks, and Water Carriers; Ports JEL: L93 - Air Transportation JEL: L94 - Electric Utilities JEL: L95 - Gas Utilities; Pipelines; Water Utilities JEL: L96 - Telecommunications JEL: L97 - Utilities: Genel JEL: L98 - Government Policy JEL: L99 - Diğer Business administration and business economics; marketing; accounting JEL: M Subcategories JEL: M - Business administration and business economics; marketing; accounting Kategori:Business economics JEL: M0 - Genel JEL: M00 - Genel JEL: M1 - Business Administration JEL: M10 - Genel JEL: M11 - Production Management JEL: M12 - Personnel Management JEL: M13 - Entrepreneurship JEL: M14 - Corporate culture; Social Responsibility JEL: M19 - Diğer JEL: M2 - Business Economics JEL: M20 - Genel JEL: M21 - Business economics JEL: M29 - Diğer JEL: M3 - Marketing and Advertising JEL: M30 - Genel JEL: M31 - Marketing JEL: M37 - Advertising JEL: M39 - Diğer JEL: M4 - Accounting and Auditing JEL: M40 - Genel JEL: M41 - Accounting scholarship JEL: M42 - Auditing JEL: M49 - Diğer JEL: M5 - Personnel economics JEL: M50 - Genel JEL: M51 - Firm Employment Decisions; Promotions (hiring, firing, turnover, part-time, temporary workers, seniority issues) JEL: M52 - Compensation and Compensation Methods and Their Effects (stock options, fringe benefits, incentives, family support programs, seniority issues) JEL: M53 - Training JEL: M54 - Labor Management (team formation, worker empowerment, job design, tasks and authority, job satisfaction) JEL: M55 - Labor Contracting Devices: Outsourcing; Franchising; Diğer JEL: M59 - Diğer Economic history JEL: N Subcategories JEL: N - Economic History Kategori:Economic history JEL: N0 - Genel JEL: N00 - Genel JEL: N01 - Development of the Discipline: Historiographical; Sources and Methods JEL: N1 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Growth and Fluctuations JEL: N10 - Genel, International, or Comparative JEL: N11 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 JEL: N12 - U.S.; Canada: 1913– JEL: N13 - Europe: Pre-1913 JEL: N14 - Europe: 1913– JEL: N15 - Asia including Middle East JEL: N16 - Latin America; Caribbean JEL: N17 - Africa; Oceania JEL: N2 - Financial Markets and Institutions JEL: N20 - Genel, International, or Comparative JEL: N21 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 JEL: N22 - U.S.; Canada: 1913– JEL: N23 - Europe: Pre-1913 JEL: N24 - Europe: 1913– JEL: N25 - Asia including Middle East JEL: N26 - Latin America; Caribbean JEL: N27 - Africa; Oceania JEL: N3 - Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Income, and Wealth JEL: N30 - Genel, International, or Comparative JEL: N31 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 JEL: N32 - U.S.; Canada: 1913– JEL: N33 - Europe: Pre-1913 JEL: N34 - Europe: 1913– JEL: N35 - Asia including Middle East JEL: N36 - Latin America; Caribbean JEL: N37 - Africa; Oceania JEL: N4 - Government, War, Law, and Regulation JEL: N40 - Genel, International, or Comparative JEL: N41 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 JEL: N42 - U.S.; Canada: 1913– JEL: N43 - Europe: Pre-1913 JEL: N44 - Europe: 1913– JEL: N45 - Asia including Middle East JEL: N46 - Latin America; Caribbean JEL: N47 - Africa; Oceania JEL: N5 - Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries JEL: N50 - Genel, International, or Comparative JEL: N51 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 JEL: N52 - U.S.; Canada: 1913– JEL: N53 - Europe: Pre-1913 JEL: N54 - Europe: 1913– JEL: N55 - Asia including Middle East JEL: N56 - Latin America; Caribbean JEL: N57 - Africa; Oceania JEL: N6 - Manufacturing and Construction JEL: N60 - Genel, International, or Comparative JEL: N61 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 JEL: N62 - U.S.; Canada: 1913– JEL: N63 - Europe: Pre-1913 JEL: N64 - Europe: 1913– JEL: N65 - Asia including Middle East JEL: N66 - Latin America; Caribbean JEL: N67 - Africa; Oceania JEL: N7 - Transport, International and Domestic Trade, Energy, Technology, and Diğer Services JEL: N70 - Genel, International, or Comparative JEL: N71 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 JEL: N72 - U.S.; Canada: 1913– JEL: N73 - Europe: Pre-1913 JEL: N74 - Europe: 1913– JEL: N75 - Asia including Middle East JEL: N76 - Latin America; Caribbean JEL: N77 - Africa; Oceania JEL: N8 - Micro-Business History JEL: N80 - Genel, International, or Comparative JEL: N81 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 JEL: N82 - U.S.; Canada: 1913– JEL: N83 - Europe: Pre-1913 JEL: N84 - Europe: 1913– JEL: N85 - Asia including Middle East JEL: N86 - Latin America; Caribbean JEL: N87 - Africa; Oceania JEL: N9 - Regional and Urban History JEL: N90 - Genel, International, or Comparative JEL: N91 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 JEL: N92 - U.S.; Canada: 1913– JEL: N93 - Europe: Pre-1913 JEL: N94 - Europe: 1913– JEL: N95 - Asia including Middle East JEL: N96 - Latin America; Caribbean JEL: N97 - Africa; Oceania Ekonomik kalkınma, teknolojik değişim ve büyüme JEL: O Alt kategoriler JEL: O - Economic Development, Technological Change, and Growth Kategori:Economic development, technological change, and growth JEL: O1 - Economic development JEL: O10 - Genel JEL: O11 - Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development JEL: O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development JEL: O13 - Agriculture; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Diğer Primary Products JEL: O14 - Industrialization; Manufacturing and Service Industries; Choice of Technology JEL: O15 - Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration JEL: O16 - Financial Markets; Saving and Capital Investment JEL: O17 - Formal and Informal Sectors; Shadow Economy; Institutional Arrangements: Legal, Social, Economic, and Political JEL: O18 - Regional, Urban, and Rural Analyses JEL: O19 - International Linkages to Development; Role of International Organizations JEL: O2 - Development Planning and Policy JEL: O20 - Genel JEL: O21 - Planning Models; Planning Policy JEL: O22 - Project Analysis JEL: O23 - Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Development JEL: O24 - Trade Policy; Factor Movement Policy; Foreign Exchange Policy JEL: O29 - Diğer JEL: O3 - Technological Change; Research and Development JEL: O30 - Genel JEL: O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives JEL: O32 - Management of Technological Innovation and R&D JEL: O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes JEL: O34 - Intellectual Property Rights: National and International Issues JEL: O38 - Government Policy JEL: O39 - Diğer JEL: O4 - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity JEL: O40 - Genel JEL: O41 - One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models JEL: O42 - Monetary Growth Models JEL: O47 - Measurement of Economic Growth; Aggregate Productivity JEL: O49 - Diğer JEL: O5 - Economywide Country Studies JEL: O50 - Genel JEL: O51 - U.S.; Canada JEL: O52 - Europe JEL: O53 - Asia including Middle East JEL: O54 - Latin America; Caribbean JEL: O55 - Africa JEL: O56 - Oceania JEL: O57 - Comparative Studies of Countries Ekonomik sistemler JEL: P Alt kategoriler JEL: P - Economic Systems Kategori:Economic systems JEL: P0 - Genel JEL: P00 - Genel JEL: P1 - Capitalist Systems JEL: P10 - Genel JEL: P11 - Planning, Coordination, and Reform JEL: P12 - Capitalist Enterprises JEL: P13 - Cooperative Enterprises JEL: P14 - Property Rights JEL: P16 - Political Economy JEL: P17 - Performance and Prospects JEL: P19 - Diğer JEL: P2 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies JEL: P20 - Genel JEL: P21 - Planning, Coordination, and Reform JEL: P22 - Prices JEL: P23 - Factor and Product Markets; Industry Studies; Population JEL: P24 - National Income, Product, and Expenditure; Money; Inflation JEL: P25 - Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics; Housing; Transportation JEL: P26 - Political Economy; Property Rights JEL: P27 - Performance and Prospects JEL: P28 - Natural Resources; Energy; Environment JEL: P29 - Diğer JEL: P3 - Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions JEL: P30 - Genel JEL: P31 - Socialist Enterprises and Their Transitions JEL: P32 - Collectives; Communes; Agriculture JEL: P33 - International Trade, Finance, Investment, and Aid JEL: P34 - Financial Economics JEL: P35 - Public Economics JEL: P36 - Consumer Economics; Health, Education, Welfare, and Poverty JEL: P37 - Legal Institutions; Illegal Behavior JEL: P39 - Diğer JEL: P4 - Diğer Economic Systems JEL: P40 - Genel JEL: P41 - Planning, Coordination, and Reform JEL: P42 - Productive Enterprises; Factor and Product Markets; Prices; Population JEL: P43 - Public Economics; Financial Economics JEL: P44 - National Income, Product, and Expenditure; Money; Inflation JEL: P45 - International Trade, Finance, Investment, and Aid JEL: P46 - Consumer Economics; Welfare and Poverty JEL: P47 - Performance and Prospects JEL: P48 - Political Economy •Legal Institutions; Property Rights JEL: P49 - Diğer JEL: P5 - Comparative Economic Systems JEL: P50 - Genel JEL: P51 - Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems JEL: P52 - Comparative Studies of Particular Economies JEL: P59 - Diğer Tarım ve Doğal Kaynak Ekonomisi, Çevresel ve EkoloAgricultural and natural resource economics; environmental and Ekolojik Ekonomi JEL: Q Alt kategoriler JEL: Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics Kategori:Agricultural and natural resource economics; environmental and ecological economics Kategori:Resource economics JEL: Q0 - Genel JEL: Q00 - Genel JEL: Q01 - Sustainable development JEL: Q1 - Agriculture JEL: Q10 - Genel JEL: Q11 - Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis; Prices JEL: Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets JEL: Q13 - Agricultural markets and Marketing; Cooperatives; Agribusiness JEL: Q14 - Agricultural finance JEL: Q15 - Land Ownership and Tenure; Land reform; Land use; Irrigation JEL: Q16 - R&D; Agricultural technology; Agricultural Extension Services JEL: Q17 - Agriculture in International Trade JEL: Q18 - Agricultural policy; Food policy JEL: Q19 - Diğer JEL: Q2 - Renewable Resources and Conservation JEL: Q20 - Genel JEL: Q21 - Demand and Supply JEL: Q22 - Fishery; Aquaculture JEL: Q23 - Forestry JEL: Q24 - Land JEL: Q25 - Water JEL: Q26 - Recreational Aspects of Natural Resources JEL: Q28 - Government Policy JEL: Q29 - Diğer JEL: Q3 - Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation JEL: Q30 - Genel JEL: Q31 - Demand and Supply JEL: Q32 - Exhaustible Resources and Economic Development JEL: Q34 - Doğal kaynaklar ve yurtiçiNatural Resources and Domestic and International Conflicts JEL: Q33 - Doğal kaynak patlamasıResource Booms JEL: Q38 - Kamu politikaları JEL: Q39 - Diğer JEL: Q4 - Enerji Ekonomisi JEL: Q40 - Genel JEL: Q41 - Enerji Talebi ve Enerji Arzı JEL: Q42 - Alternatif enerji kaynakları JEL: Q43 - Enerji ve Makroekonomi JEL: Q48 - Kamu Politikaları JEL: Q49 - Diğer JEL: Q5 - Çevresel Ekonomi JEL: Q50 - Genel JEL: Q51 - Valuation of Environmental Effects JEL: Q52 - Pollution Control Costs; Distributional Effects; Employment Effects JEL: Q53 - Air Pollution; Water Pollution; Noise; Hazardous Waste; Solid Waste • Recycling JEL: Q54 - Climate; Natural Disasters JEL: Q55 - Technological Innovation JEL: Q56 - Environment and Development; Environment and Trade; Sustainability; Environmental accounting JEL: Q57 - Ecological economics: Ecosystem Services; Biodiversity Conservation; Bioeconomics JEL: Q58 - Government Policy JEL: Q59 - Diğer Kentsel, Kırsal ve Bölgesel Ekonomi JEL: R Alt kategoriler JEL: R - Kent Ekonomisi, Kırsal Ekonomi ve Bölgesel Ekonomi Kategori:Kentsel, Kırsal ve bölgesel ekonomi JEL: R0 - Genel JEL: R00 - Genel JEL: R1 - Genel Bölgesel ekonomi JEL: R10 - Genel JEL: R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes JEL: R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity; Interregional Trade JEL: R13 - Genel Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies JEL: R14 - Land Use Patterns JEL: R15 - Econometric and Input–Output Models; Diğer Models JEL: R19 - Diğer JEL: R2 - Hanehalı analizler JEL: R20 - Genel JEL: R21 - Hanehalkı talebiHousing Demand JEL: R22 - Diğer Talep JEL: R23 - Bölgesel göç, bölgesel iş gücü piyasaları, nüfus JEL: R29 - Diğer JEL: R3 - Üretim analizleri ve Firma yeri JEL: R30 - Genel JEL: R31 - Housing Supply and Markets JEL: R32 - Diğer üretim ve fiyatlama analizleri JEL: R33 - Nonagricultural and Nonresidential Real Estate Markets JEL: R34 - Input Demand Analysis JEL: R38 - Government Policies; Regulatory Policies JEL: R39 - Diğer JEL: R4 - Ulaştırma Ekonomisi JEL: R40 - Genel JEL: R41 - Ulaştırma: Talep, arz, yığılma, güvenlik ve kazalar JEL: R42 - Kamu ve özel yatırım analizleri JEL: R48 - Kamu fiyatlaması, düzenleme politikaları JEL: R49 - Diğer JEL: R5 - Bölgesel yönetim analizi JEL: R50 - Genel JEL: R51 - Kentsel ve kırsal ekonomilerde finans JEL: R52 - Arazi kullanımı ve diğer düzenlemeler JEL: R53 - Kamu hizmet yeri analizi, Kamu yatırım ve sermaye stoku JEL: R58 - Bölgesel gelişim yasaları JEL: R59 - Diğer Çeşitli kategoriler (ekonomi) JEL: Y Alt kategoriler JEL: Y1 - Data: Tables and Charts JEL: Y10 - Data: Tables and Charts JEL: Y2 - Introductory Material JEL: Y20 - Introductory Material JEL: Y3 - Book Reviews (unclassified) JEL: Y30 - Book Reviews (unclassified) JEL: Y4 - Dissertations (unclassified) JEL: Y40 - Dissertations (unclassified) JEL: Y5 - Further Reading (unclassified) JEL: Y50 - Further Reading (unclassified) JEL: Y6 - Excerpts JEL: Y60 - Excerpts JEL: Y8 - JEL: Related Disciplines JEL: Y80 - Related Disciplines JEL: Y9 - Diğer JEL: Y90 - Diğer Diğer özel başlıklar JEL: Z Alt kategoriler JEL: Z - Diğer özel başlıklar JEL: Z0 - Genel JEL: Z00 - Genel JEL: Z1 - Kültürel ekonomi; Ekonomik sosyoloji; Ekonomik antropoloji JEL: Z10 - Genel JEL: Z11 - Economics of the Arts and Literature JEL: Z12 - Bölgesel JEL: Z13 - Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology JEL: Z19 - Diğer Dış bağlantılar
ublic economics JEL: H0 - Genel JEL: H00 - Genel JEL: H1 - Structure and Scope of Government JEL: H10 - Genel JEL: H11 - Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government JEL: H19 - Diğer JEL: H2 - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue JEL: H20 - Genel JEL: H21 - Efficiency; Optimal taxation JEL: H22 - Incidence JEL: H23 - Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental taxes and Subsidies JEL: H24 - Personal Income and Diğer Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies JEL: H25 - Business Taxes and Subsidies JEL: H26 - Tax Evasion JEL: H27 - Diğer Sources of Revenue JEL: H29 - Diğer JEL: H3 - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents JEL: H30 - Genel JEL: H31 - Household JEL: H32 - Firm JEL: H39 - Diğer JEL: H4 - Publicly provided goods JEL: H40 - Genel JEL: H41 - Public goods JEL: H42 - Publicly Provided Private Goods JEL: H43 - Project evaluation; Social discount rate JEL: H49 - Diğer JEL: H5 - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies JEL: H50 - Genel JEL: H51 - Government Expenditures and Health JEL: H52 - Government Expenditures and Education JEL: H53 - Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs JEL: H54 - Infrastructures; Diğer Public Investment and Capital Stock JEL: H55 - Social security and Public Pensions JEL: H56 - National Security and War JEL: H57 - Procurement JEL: H59 - Diğer JEL: H6 - National Budget, Deficit, and Debt JEL: H60 - Genel JEL: H61 - Budget; Budget Systems JEL: H62 - Deficit; Surplus JEL: H63 - Debt; Debt Management JEL: H69 - Diğer JEL: H7 - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations JEL: H70 - Genel JEL: H71 - State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue JEL: H72 - State and Local Budget and Expenditures JEL: H73 - Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects JEL: H74 - State and Local Borrowing JEL: H77 - Intergovernmental Relations; Federalism JEL: H79 - Diğer JEL: H8 - Miscellaneous Issues JEL: H80 - Genel JEL: H81 - Governmental Loans, Loan Guarantees, and Credits JEL: H82 - Governmental Property JEL: H83 - Public administration JEL: H87 - International Fiscal Issues; International Public Goods JEL: H89 - Diğer Health, education, and welfare JEL: I Subcategories JEL: I - Health, Education, and Welfare Kategori:Health, education, and welfare economics JEL: I0 - Genel JEL: I00 - Genel JEL: I1 - Health JEL: I10 - Genel JEL: I11 - Analysis of Health Care Markets JEL: I12 - Health Production: Nutrition, Mortality, Morbidity, Substance Abuse and Addiction, Disability, and Economic Behavior JEL: I18 - Government Policy; Regulation; Public health JEL: I19 - Diğer JEL: I2 - Education JEL: I20 - Genel JEL: I21 - Analysis of Education JEL: I22 - Educational finance JEL: I23 - Higher Education Research Institutions JEL: I28 - Government Policy JEL: I29 - Diğer JEL: I3 - Welfare and Poverty JEL: I30 - Genel JEL: I31 - Genel Welfare; Basic needs; Living standards; Quality of life; Happiness JEL: I32 - Measurement and Analysis of Poverty JEL: I38 - Government Policy; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs JEL: I39 - Diğer Labor and demographic economics JEL: J Subcategories JEL: J - Labor and Demographic Economics Kategori:Labor and demographic economics Kategori:Labor Kategoriemographic economics JEL: J0 - Genel JEL: J00 - Genel JEL: J1 - Demographic Economics JEL: J10 - Genel JEL: J11 - Demographic Trends and Forecasts JEL: J12 - Marriage; Marital Dissolution; Family Structure JEL: J13 - Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth JEL: J14 - Economics of the Elderly; Economics of the Handicapped JEL: J15 - Economics of Minorities and Races; Non-labor Discrimination JEL: J16 - Economics of gender; Non-labor Discrimination JEL: J17 - Value of life; Foregone Income JEL: J18 - Public Policy JEL: J19 - Diğer JEL: J2 - Time Allocation, Work Behavior, and Employment Determination and Creation; Human capital JEL: J20 - Genel JEL: J21 - Labor force and Employment, Size, and Structure JEL: J22 - Time allocation and Labor supply JEL: J23 - Employment Determination; Job creation; Demand for labor; Self-employment JEL: J24 - Human capital; Skills; Occupational choice; Labor productivity JEL: J26 - Retirement; Retirement policies JEL: J28 - Safety; Accidents; Industrial Health; Job Satisfaction; Related Public Policy JEL: J29 - Diğer JEL: J3 - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs JEL: J30 - Genel JEL: J31 - Wage Level and Structure; Wage differentials by Skill, Training, Occupation, etc. JEL: J32 - Nonwage labor costs and Benefits; Private pensions JEL: J33 - Compensation Packages; Payment Methods JEL: J38 - Public Policy JEL: J39 - Diğer JEL: J4 - Particular Labor Markets JEL: J40 - Genel JEL: J41 - Contracts: Specific Human Capital, Matching models, Efficiency wage Models, and Internal labor markets JEL: J42 - Monopsony; Segmented Labor Markets JEL: J43 - Agricultural Labor Markets JEL: J44 - Professional Labor Markets and Occupations JEL: J45 - Public Sector Labor Markets JEL: J48 - Public Policy JEL: J49 - Diğer JEL: J5 - Labor–Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining JEL: J50 - Genel JEL: J51 - Trade unions: Objectives, Structure, and Effects JEL: J52 - Dispute Resolution: Strikes, Arbitration, and Mediation; Collective bargaining JEL: J53 - Labor–management relations; Industrial Jurisprudence JEL: J54 - Producer cooperatives; Labor managed firms JEL: J58 - Public Policy JEL: J59 - Diğer JEL: J6 - Mobility, Unemployment, and Vacancies JEL: J60 - Genel JEL: J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility; Immigrant Workers JEL: J62 - Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational mobility JEL: J63 - Turnover; Vacancies; Layoffs JEL: J64 - Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search JEL: J65 - Unemployment insurance; Severance pay; Plant closings JEL: J68 - Public Policy JEL: J69 - Diğer JEL: J7 - Labor Discrimination JEL: J70 - Genel JEL: J71 - Discrimination JEL: J78 - Public Policy JEL: J79 - Diğer JEL: J8 - Labor Standards: National and International JEL: J80 - Genel JEL: J81 - Working conditions JEL: J82 - Labor Force Composition JEL: J83 - Workers' Rights JEL: J88 - Public Policy JEL: J89 - Diğer Law and economics JEL: K Subcategories JEL: K - Law and Economics Kategori:Law and economics JEL: K0 - Genel JEL: K00 - Genel JEL: K1 - Basic Areas of Law JEL: K10 - Genel JEL: K11 - Property Law JEL: K12 - Contract Law JEL: K13 - Tort Law and Product Liability JEL: K14 - Criminal Law JEL: K19 - Diğer JEL: K2 - Regulation and Business Law JEL: K20 - Genel JEL: K21 - Antitrust Law JEL: K22 - Corporation and Securities Law JEL: K23 - Regulated Industries and Administrative Law JEL: K29 - Diğer JEL: K3 - Diğer Substantive Areas of Law JEL: K30 - Genel JEL: K31 - Labor Law JEL: K32 - Environmental, Health, and Safety Law JEL: K33 - International Law JEL: K34 - Tax Law JEL: K35 - Personal Bankruptcy Law JEL: K39 - Diğer JEL: K4 - Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior JEL: K40 - Genel JEL: K41 - Litigation Process JEL: K42 - Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law JEL: K49 - Diğer Industrial organization JEL: L Subcategories Kategori:Industrial organization JEL: L - Industrial Organization JEL: L0 - Genel JEL: L00 - Genel JEL: L1 - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance JEL: L10 - Genel JEL: L11 - Production, Pricing, and Market Structure; Size Distribution of Firms JEL: L12 - Monopoly; Monopolization Strategies JEL: L13 - Oligopoly and Diğer Imperfect Markets JEL: L14 - Transactional Relationships; Contracts and Reputation; Networks JEL: L15 - Information and Product Quality; Standardization and Compatibility JEL: L16 - Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics; Macroeconomic Industrial Structure; Industrial Price Indices JEL: L19 - Diğer JEL: L2 - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior JEL: L20 - Genel JEL: L21 - Business Objectives of the Firm JEL: L22 - Firm Organization and Market Structure: Markets vs. Hierarchies; Vertical integration; Conglomerates JEL: L23 - Organization of Production JEL: L24 - Contracting out; Joint ventures JEL: L25 - Firm Performance: Size, Age, Profit, and Sales JEL: L29 - Diğer JEL: L3 - Kategori:Non-profit organizations and Kategoriublic enterprise JEL: L30 - Genel JEL: L31 - Nonprofit Institutions; NGOs JEL: L32 - Public enterprises JEL: L33 - Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises; Privatization; Contracting out JEL: L39 - Diğer JEL: L4 - Antitrust Issues and Policies JEL: L40 - Genel JEL: L41 - Monopolization; Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices JEL: L42 - Vertical Restraints; Resale Price Maintenance; Quantity Discounts JEL: L43 - Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation JEL: L44 - Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprise, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organizations JEL: L49 - Diğer JEL: L5 - Regulation and Kategori:Industrial policy JEL: L50 - Genel JEL: L51 - Economics of Regulation JEL: L52 - Industrial Policy; Sectoral Planning Methods JEL: L53 - Government Promotion of Firms JEL: L59 - Diğer JEL: L6 - Industry Studies: Manufacturing JEL: L60 - Genel JEL: L61 - Metals and Metal Products; Cement; Glass; Ceramics JEL: L62 - Automobiles; Diğer Transportation Equipment JEL: L63 - Microelectronics; Computers; Communications Equipment JEL: L64 - Diğer Machinery; Business Equipment; Armaments JEL: L65 - Chemicals; Rubber; Drugs; Biotechnology JEL: L66 - Food; Beverages; Cosmetics; Tobacco JEL: L67 - Diğer Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather JEL: L68 - Appliances; Diğer Consumer Durables JEL: L69 - Diğer JEL: L7 - Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction JEL: L70 - Genel JEL: L71 - Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels JEL: L72 - Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Diğer Nonrenewable Resources JEL: L73 - Forest Products: Lumber and Paper JEL: L74 - Construction JEL: L78 - Government Policy JEL: L79 - Diğer JEL: L8 - Industry Studies: Services JEL: L80 - Genel JEL: L81 - Retail and Wholesale Trade; Warehousing; e-Commerce JEL: L82 - Entertainment; Media (Performing Arts, Visual Arts, Broadcasting, Publishing, etc.) JEL: L83 - Sports; Gambling; Recreation; Tourism JEL: L84 - Personal, Professional, and Business Services JEL: L85 - Real Estate Services JEL: L86 - Information and Internet Services; Computer Software JEL: L87 - Postal and Delivery Services JEL: L88 - Government Policy JEL: L89 - Diğer JEL: L9 - Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities JEL: L90 - Genel JEL: L91 - Transportation: Genel JEL: L92 - Railroads and Diğer Surface Transportation: Autos, Buses, Trucks, and Water Carriers; Ports JEL: L93 - Air Transportation JEL: L94 - Electric Utilities JEL: L95 - Gas Utilities; Pipelines; Water Utilities JEL: L96 - Telecommunications JEL: L97 - Utilities: Genel JEL: L98 - Government Policy JEL: L99 - Diğer Business administration and business economics; marketing; accounting JEL: M Subcategories JEL: M - Business administration and business economics; marketing; accounting Kategori:Business economics JEL: M0 - Genel JEL: M00 - Genel JEL: M1 - Business Administration JEL: M10 - Genel JEL: M11 - Production Management JEL: M12 - Personnel Management JEL: M13 - Entrepreneurship JEL: M14 - Corporate culture; Social Responsibility JEL: M19 - Diğer JEL: M2 - Business Economics JEL: M20 - Genel JEL: M21 - Business economics JEL: M29 - Diğer JEL: M3 - Marketing and Advertising JEL: M30 - Genel JEL: M31 - Marketing JEL: M37 - Advertising JEL: M39 - Diğer JEL: M4 - Accounting and Auditing JEL: M40 - Genel JEL: M41 - Accounting scholarship JEL: M42 - Auditing JEL: M49 - Diğer JEL: M5 - Personnel economics JEL: M50 - Genel JEL: M51 - Firm Employment Decisions; Promotions (hiring, firing, turnover, part-time, temporary workers, seniority issues) JEL: M52 - Compensation and Compensation Methods and Their Effects (stock options, fringe benefits, incentives, family support programs, seniority issues) JEL: M53 - Training JEL: M54 - Labor Management (team formation, worker empowerment, job design, tasks and authority, job satisfaction) JEL: M55 - Labor Contracting Devices: Outsourcing; Franchising; Diğer JEL: M59 - Diğer Economic history JEL: N Subcategories JEL: N - Economic History Kategori:Economic history JEL: N0 - Genel JEL: N00 - Genel JEL: N01 - Development of the Discipline: Historiographical; Sources and Methods JEL: N1 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Growth and Fluctuations JEL: N10 - Genel, International, or Comparative JEL: N11 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 JEL: N12 - U.S.; Canada: 1913– JEL: N13 - Europe: Pre-1913 JEL: N14 - Europe: 1913– JEL: N15 - Asia including Middle East JEL: N16 - Latin America; Caribbean JEL: N17 - Africa; Oceania JEL: N2 - Financial Markets and Institutions JEL: N20 - Genel, International, or Comparative JEL: N21 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 JEL: N22 - U.S.; Canada: 1913– JEL: N23 - Europe: Pre-1913 JEL: N24 - Europe: 1913– JEL: N25 - Asia including Middle East JEL: N26 - Latin America; Caribbean JEL: N27 - Africa; Oceania JEL: N3 - Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Income, and Wealth JEL: N30 - Genel, International, or Comparative JEL: N31 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 JEL: N32 - U.S.; Canada: 1913– JEL: N33 - Europe: Pre-1913 JEL: N34 - Europe: 1913– JEL: N35 - Asia including Middle East JEL: N36 - Latin America; Caribbean JEL: N37 - Africa; Oceania JEL: N4 - Government, War, Law, and Regulation JEL: N40 - Genel, International, or Comparative JEL: N41 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 JEL: N42 - U.S.; Canada: 1913– JEL: N43 - Europe: Pre-1913 JEL: N44 - Europe: 1913– JEL: N45 - Asia including Middle East JEL: N46 - Latin America; Caribbean JEL: N47 - Africa; Oceania JEL: N5 - Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries JEL: N50 - Genel, International, or Comparative JEL: N51 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 JEL: N52 - U.S.; Canada: 1913– JEL: N53 - Europe: Pre-1913 JEL: N54 - Europe: 1913– JEL: N55 - Asia including Middle East JEL: N56 - Latin America; Caribbean JEL: N57 - Africa; Oceania JEL: N6 - Manufacturing and Construction JEL: N60 - Genel, International, or Comparative JEL: N61 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 JEL: N62 - U.S.; Canada: 1913– JEL: N63 - Europe: Pre-1913 JEL: N64 - Europe: 1913– JEL: N65 - Asia including Middle East JEL: N66 - Latin America; Caribbean JEL: N67 - Africa; Oceania JEL: N7 - Transport, International and Domestic Trade, Energy, Technology, and Diğer Services JEL: N70 - Genel, International, or Comparative JEL: N71 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 JEL: N72 - U.S.; Canada: 1913– JEL: N73 - Europe: Pre-1913 JEL: N74 - Europe: 1913– JEL: N75 - Asia including Middle East JEL: N76 - Latin America; Caribbean JEL: N77 - Africa; Oceania JEL: N8 - Micro-Business History JEL: N80 - Genel, International, or Comparative JEL: N81 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 JEL: N82 - U.S.; Canada: 1913– JEL: N83 - Europe: Pre-1913 JEL: N84 - Europe: 1913– JEL: N85 - Asia including Middle East JEL: N86 - Latin America; Caribbean JEL: N87 - Africa; Oceania JEL: N9 - Regional and Urban History JEL: N90 - Genel, International, or Comparative JEL: N91 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 JEL: N92 - U.S.; Canada: 1913– JEL: N93 - Europe: Pre-1913 JEL: N94 - Europe: 1913– JEL: N95 - Asia including Middle East JEL: N96 - Latin America; Caribbean JEL: N97 - Africa; Oceania Ekonomik kalkınma, teknolojik değişim ve büyüme JEL: O Alt kategoriler JEL: O - Economic Development, Technological Change, and Growth Kategori:Economic development, technological change, and growth JEL: O1 - Economic development JEL: O10 - Genel JEL: O11 - Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development JEL: O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development JEL: O13 - Agriculture; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Diğer Primary Products JEL: O14 - Industrialization; Manufacturing and Service Industries; Choice of Technology JEL: O15 - Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration JEL: O16 - Financial Markets; Saving and Capital Investment JEL: O17 - Formal and Informal Sectors; Shadow Economy; Institutional Arrangements: Legal, Social, Economic, and Political JEL: O18 - Regional, Urban, and Rural Analyses JEL: O19 - International Linkages to Development; Role of International Organizations JEL: O2 - Development Planning and Policy JEL: O20 - Genel JEL: O21 - Planning Models; Planning Policy JEL: O22 - Project Analysis JEL: O23 - Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Development JEL: O24 - Trade Policy; Factor Movement Policy; Foreign Exchange Policy JEL: O29 - Diğer JEL: O3 - Technological Change; Research and Development JEL: O30 - Genel JEL: O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives JEL: O32 - Management of Technological Innovation and R&D JEL: O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes JEL: O34 - Intellectual Property Rights: National and International Issues JEL: O38 - Government Policy JEL: O39 - Diğer JEL: O4 - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity JEL: O40 - Genel JEL: O41 - One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models JEL: O42 - Monetary Growth Models JEL: O47 - Measurement of Economic Growth; Aggregate Productivity JEL: O49 - Diğer JEL: O5 - Economywide Country Studies JEL: O50 - Genel JEL: O51 - U.S.; Canada JEL: O52 - Europe JEL: O53 - Asia including Middle East JEL: O54 - Latin America; Caribbean JEL: O55 - Africa JEL: O56 - Oceania JEL: O57 - Comparative Studies of Countries Ekonomik sistemler JEL: P Alt kategoriler JEL: P - Economic Systems Kategori:Economic systems JEL: P0 - Genel JEL: P00 - Genel JEL: P1 - Capitalist Systems JEL: P10 - Genel JEL: P11 - Planning, Coordination, and Reform JEL: P12 - Capitalist Enterprises JEL: P13 - Cooperative Enterprises JEL: P14 - Property Rights JEL: P16 - Political Economy JEL: P17 - Performance and Prospects JEL: P19 - Diğer JEL: P2 - Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies JEL: P20 - Genel JEL: P21 - Planning, Coordination, and Reform JEL: P22 - Prices JEL: P23 - Factor and Product Markets; Industry Studies; Population JEL: P24 - National Income, Product, and Expenditure; Money; Inflation JEL: P25 - Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics; Housing; Transportation JEL: P26 - Political Economy; Property Rights JEL: P27 - Performance and Prospects JEL: P28 - Natural Resources; Energy; Environment JEL: P29 - Diğer JEL: P3 - Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions JEL: P30 - Genel JEL: P31 - Socialist Enterprises and Their Transitions JEL: P32 - Collectives; Communes; Agriculture JEL: P33 - International Trade, Finance, Investment, and Aid JEL: P34 - Financial Economics JEL: P35 - Public Economics JEL: P36 - Consumer Economics; Health, Education, Welfare, and Poverty JEL: P37 - Legal Institutions; Illegal Behavior JEL: P39 - Diğer JEL: P4 - Diğer Economic Systems JEL: P40 - Genel JEL: P41 - Planning, Coordination, and Reform JEL: P42 - Productive Enterprises; Factor and Product Markets; Prices; Population JEL: P43 - Public Economics; Financial Economics JEL: P44 - National Income, Product, and Expenditure; Money; Inflation JEL: P45 - International Trade, Finance, Investment, and Aid JEL: P46 - Consumer Economics; Welfare and Poverty JEL: P47 - Performance and Prospects JEL: P48 - Political Economy •Legal Institutions; Property Rights JEL: P49 - Diğer JEL: P5 - Comparative Economic Systems JEL: P50 - Genel JEL: P51 - Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems JEL: P52 - Comparative Studies of Particular Economies JEL: P59 - Diğer Tarım ve Doğal Kaynak Ekonomisi, Çevresel ve EkoloAgricultural and natural resource economics; environmental and Ekolojik Ekonomi JEL: Q Alt kategoriler JEL: Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics Kategori:Agricultural and natural resource economics; environmental and ecological economics Kategori:Resource economics JEL: Q0 - Genel JEL: Q00 - Genel JEL: Q01 - Sustainable development JEL: Q1 - Agriculture JEL: Q10 - Genel JEL: Q11 - Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis; Prices JEL: Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets JEL: Q13 - Agricultural markets and Marketing; Cooperatives; Agribusiness JEL: Q14 - Agricultural finance JEL: Q15 - Land Ownership and Tenure; Land reform; Land use; Irrigation JEL: Q16 - R&D; Agricultural technology; Agricultural Extension Services JEL: Q17 - Agriculture in International Trade JEL: Q18 - Agricultural policy; Food policy JEL: Q19 - Diğer JEL: Q2 - Renewable Resources and Conservation JEL: Q20 - Genel JEL: Q21 - Demand and Supply JEL: Q22 - Fishery; Aquaculture JEL: Q23 - Forestry JEL: Q24 - Land JEL: Q25 - Water JEL: Q26 - Recreational Aspects of Natural Resources JEL: Q28 - Government Policy JEL: Q29 - Diğer JEL: Q3 - Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation JEL: Q30 - Genel JEL: Q31 - Demand and Supply JEL: Q32 - Exhaustible Resources and Economic Development JEL: Q34 - Doğal kaynaklar ve yurtiçiNatural Resources and Domestic and International Conflicts JEL: Q33 - Doğal kaynak patlamasıResource Booms JEL: Q38 - Kamu politikaları JEL: Q39 - Diğer JEL: Q4 - Enerji Ekonomisi JEL: Q40 - Genel JEL: Q41 - Enerji Talebi ve Enerji Arzı JEL: Q42 - Alternatif enerji kaynakları JEL: Q43 - Enerji ve Makroekonomi JEL: Q48 - Kamu Politikaları JEL: Q49 - Diğer JEL: Q5 - Çevresel Ekonomi JEL: Q50 - Genel JEL: Q51 - Valuation of Environmental Effects JEL: Q52 - Pollution Control Costs; Distributional Effects; Employment Effects JEL: Q53 - Air Pollution; Water Pollution; Noise; Hazardous Waste; Solid Waste • Recycling JEL: Q54 - Climate; Natural Disasters JEL: Q55 - Technological Innovation JEL: Q56 - Environment and Development; Environment and Trade; Sustainability; Environmental accounting JEL: Q57 - Ecological economics: Ecosystem Services; Biodiversity Conservation; Bioeconomics JEL: Q58 - Government Policy JEL: Q59 - Diğer Kentsel, Kırsal ve Bölgesel Ekonomi JEL: R Alt kategoriler JEL: R - Kent Ekonomisi, Kırsal Ekonomi ve Bölgesel Ekonomi Kategori:Kentsel, Kırsal ve bölgesel ekonomi JEL: R0 - Genel JEL: R00 - Genel JEL: R1 - Genel Bölgesel ekonomi JEL: R10 - Genel JEL: R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes JEL: R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity; Interregional Trade JEL: R13 - Genel Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies JEL: R14 - Land Use Patterns JEL: R15 - Econometric and Input–Output Models; Diğer Models JEL: R19 - Diğer JEL: R2 - Hanehalı analizler JEL: R20 - Genel JEL: R21 - Hanehalkı talebiHousing Demand JEL: R22 - Diğer Talep JEL: R23 - Bölgesel göç, bölgesel iş gücü piyasaları, nüfus JEL: R29 - Diğer JEL: R3 - Üretim analizleri ve Firma yeri JEL: R30 - Genel JEL: R31 - Housing Supply and Markets JEL: R32 - Diğer üretim ve fiyatlama analizleri JEL: R33 - Nonagricultural and Nonresidential Real Estate Markets JEL: R34 - Input Demand Analysis JEL: R38 - Government Policies; Regulatory Policies JEL: R39 - Diğer JEL: R4 - Ulaştırma Ekonomisi JEL: R40 - Genel JEL: R41 - Ulaştırma: Talep, arz, yığılma, güvenlik ve kazalar JEL: R42 - Kamu ve özel yatırım analizleri JEL: R48 - Kamu fiyatlaması, düzenleme politikaları JEL: R49 - Diğer JEL: R5 - Bölgesel yönetim analizi JEL: R50 - Genel JEL: R51 - Kentsel ve kırsal ekonomilerde finans JEL: R52 - Arazi kullanımı ve diğer düzenlemeler JEL: R53 - Kamu hizmet yeri analizi, Kamu yatırım ve sermaye stoku JEL: R58 - Bölgesel gelişim yasaları JEL: R59 - Diğer Çeşitli kategoriler (ekonomi) JEL: Y Alt kategoriler JEL: Y1 - Data: Tables and Charts JEL: Y10 - Data: Tables and Charts JEL: Y2 - Introductory Material JEL: Y20 - Introductory Material JEL: Y3 - Book Reviews (unclassified) JEL: Y30 - Book Reviews (unclassified) JEL: Y4 - Dissertations (unclassified) JEL: Y40 - Dissertations (unclassified) JEL: Y5 - Further Reading (unclassified) JEL: Y50 - Further Reading (unclassified) JEL: Y6 - Excerpts JEL: Y60 - Excerpts JEL: Y8 - JEL: Related Disciplines JEL: Y80 - Related Disciplines JEL: Y9 - Diğer JEL: Y90 - Diğer Diğer özel başlıklar JEL: Z Alt kategoriler JEL: Z - Diğer özel başlıklar JEL: Z0 - Genel JEL: Z00 - Genel JEL: Z1 - Kültürel ekonomi; Ekonomik sosyoloji; Ekonomik antropoloji JEL: Z10 - Genel JEL: Z11 - Economics of the Arts and Literature JEL: Z12 - Bölgesel JEL: Z13 - Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology JEL: Z19 - Diğer Dış bağlantılar